定位/对齐
定位/对齐
定位/对齐是引入图像处理的另一个过程，以及检查零件和产品的数量和存在，外观（外来颗粒，缺陷）和尺寸（长度，直径）的检查。使用图像处理系统的定位/对准已引入各种目的：
- 定位of glass substrates
- Measurement of misalignment of labels or barcodes
- Checking the orientation of IC chips
- 检查食品容器上是否有未对准的盖子
- 机床的位置控制（视觉引导机器人）
This section introduces the basic principles and specific applications of positioning and alignment using image processing.
使用图像处理检测位置的定位/对准的基本原理
快速可靠的定位
为了提高生产过程的效率，有必要立即检测到目标和机床或表格之间的位置关系，并仔细地控制系统。检测准确性不佳可能导致工件缺陷。如果检测和控制之间存在时间滞后，生产率可能会降低。准确，快速定位/对齐对于工厂自动化（FA）至关重要。图像处理已越来越多地用于实现它。
定位/对齐问题
LCD面板的生产需要用于玻璃或膜层压等过程的高临界性定位。尽管近年来图像处理系统已经很普遍，但它们遇到了几个问题：
- 定位using image processing systems required too much time and labor for calibration.
- The process functioned as a black box, so it was difficult to add functions and the process lacked versatility.
- 需要专业知识来实现高临界性和高速定位。
- 定位无法满足所需的准确性，因此用途受到限制。
近年来，由于自动校准，这些问题已被克服，从而自动完成校准，并提高了对齐的准确性，以将系统引导到准确的位置。
Flow of positioning using image processing
第一个重要的一点是了解利用图像处理的定位/对齐方式。根据图像处理系统，流程可能有一些变化。本节使用Keyence的“ XG-X系列”介绍了定位的基本流动，并带有玻璃层压示例。
Auto-calibration
Detect the position of an alignment mark by pattern search (search processing) or other method and calculate the stage axis direction and rotation center position.
参考位置注册
注册目标将移动的目的地。
结盟
Measure the position of the target and calculate the amount of correction to reach the reference position.
定位
Feed back the calculated position information to a PLC or other host system and control the stage to perform positioning.
Advantages of positioning using image processing
Introducing image processing systems to positioning/alignment offers multiple advantages:
High-accuracy position detection through pattern search
模式搜索（搜索处理）是一种用于使用图像处理的定位/对齐必不可少的技术。模式搜索自动检测参考图像或图案（标记），称为对齐或定位标记。使用晶状体失真校正和过滤器improves the accuracy of position detection.
自动校准以改善takt
Conventional coordinate-based position control had problems such as misalignment of the target and table and detection accuracy, which prevented ideal detection of position/angle. In recent years, the accuracy of the auto-calibration has improved greatly owing to advances in pattern search (search processing) technology. Automatic high-speed high-accuracy calibration is now possible, resulting in improved takt.
使用图像处理的高准确检测支持的准确188bet在线控制
现在，可以使用高像素计数机器视觉和改进的图像处理技术来以高精度检测到对齐标记。Shapetrax是Keyence的个人资料搜索技术，它提供了行业中最高的精度。它允许以0.025像素的精度进行线性和可重复性检测。
除了检测比对标记外，即使没有对齐标记，也可以根据每个应用的需求灵活地实现位置检测。实现此目的的方法包括检测PCB角落或基于晶圆置位定位的虚拟交叉点。
用超高像素计摄像机实现的定位/对齐
Keyence提供超高像素计算机，带有21百万像素，可提供业内最佳解决方案。通常使用较少像素（例如0.3或2百万像素）的常用摄像头有下面所示的问题。超高像素摄像机可以消除这些问题。
您曾经遇到过这些问题吗？
由于拐角不稳定，无法稳定检测到许多圆形部分的产品。
当使用21百万像素摄像头捕获产品的整个图像时，甚至可以高精度检测到复杂的轮廓。这可以确保产品的稳定，准确的对齐方式，无论其形状如何。
转换需要大量的劳动力，因为不同的产品是在同一条线上生产的。
To satisfy the required accuracy with a low-resolution camera, the field of view should be set smaller. Consequently, when different products are manufactured on the same line, the layout of the camera must be changed for each changeover. When a 21 megapixel camera is used to capture the entire image of the product, the labor for the changeover is no longer necessary. The camera can be fixed in the same position, which makes production system simpler. Moreover, two or more products can be inspected simultaneously.
使用图像处理的外观/维度检查是在与对齐的单独过程中执行的。
There are still many cases where appearance or dimension inspection is performed in a different process from alignment. When a 21 megapixel camera is used to capture an image of the entire product, alignment and appearance inspection of the product as a whole can be performed simultaneously. This leads to streamlining of the production facility.
Practical applications
The precision of products is increasing and high accuracy is required for production processes. It is also necessary to increase productivity to improve yield rate. To satisfy these requirements, there is an increasing demand for positioning and alignment that take advantage of image processing systems. The following are some introduction examples that take advantage of image processing and calibration.
在汽车车身组装期间感测导孔
工业机器人是不可或缺的生产processes including welding, handling, and assembly. Conventional systems required tricky coordinate teaching for origin setting and positioning. Fine adjustment may be required depending on the product or individual differences. Positioning/calibration using image processing can solve these problems. In the assembly process for doors or other heavy parts, image processing can be used to recognize guide holes and control the robot. This makes the production faster and more reliable. KEYENCE also proposes vision-guided robot solutions for industrial robots.
模式的错位
对于半导体设备制造中使用的晶片，微米级的模式错位可能会变成致命的缺陷。必须使用诸如光学显微镜之类的仪器检测获得有关缺陷的位置信息。例如，当使用支持21百万像素颜色相机的XG-X系列时，可以准确检测到模式或位置的188bet在线未对准，包括晶圆的旋转方向。
电子组件组装
由于智能手机和平板电脑的设计更加紧凑，因此电子设备行业中高组装精度的需求正在增加。XG-X系列支持21兆像素的颜色188bet在线摄像机，具有高分辨率和高视野，可提供同类中最大数量的像素数。它可以清楚地检测芯片的细节并实现高准确的一致性。它允许精确组装诸如电子组件之类的微小零件。
